DM_LookBarrier





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Look-barrier options can be regarded as a combination of a partial time barrier option and a forward starting fixed strike lookback option.

The look-barrier option's barrier monitoring period starts at the option's starting date and ends at an arbitrary date t1 before expiration.

If the barrier is not hit during the monitoring period, the fixed strike lookback option will be initiated at the same time the barrier ceases to exist.

By introducing a knock-out barrier in the first part of the option's lifetime, the option will be cheaper than a standard partial-time fixed strike lookback option.

Values for the TypeFlag parameter are - cuo (Up-and-out call (H greater than S)), cui (Up-and-in call (H greater than S)), pdo (Down-and-out put (H less than S)) and pdi (Down-and-in put (H less than S)).

This function utilizes an analytical (closed-form) algorithm.

Note that the risk (greek) numbers produced are the mathematically defined equivalent of a derivative (instantaneous change).

You can convert the risk number to your own definition of risk by multiplying by the shift you require.

For example, for a typical definition of VANNA, (change in underlying and volatility), where one defines the change in the underlying as a single unit of change (1.0) and the change in volatility as a one percent change (0.01), simply multiply the VANNA result calculated by (1.0*0.01).

For VEGA, change in volatility of one percent (0.01), simply multiply the VEGA result by 0.01. Within option contracts THETA is negative, however the mathematically defined equivalent of THETA (instantaneous FORWARD change in time) is positive.

Internally we have negated this value for you.

To express THETA as THETA per day, simply multiply the THETA result by 1/365 or 1/252 (depending on whether you require calendar days or business days).

This function returns a partial derivative matrix of all second order derivatives (Hessian matrix).

Each individual second order derivative as well as the first order derivatives can be obtained, individually, via the pricing functions present within the CapeTools Exotic Options category of functions.

However this function computes all the second order risk numbers in a single function call.



Note: Within Excel, the function is named - CT.DM_LookBarrier




High level graphic of DM_LookBarrier() function with parameters. Blue square node is the actual function with the parameters ordered.



Parameter Description


  1. ValueDate parameter

    Valuation Date (typically equal to Today's date)
  2. dayCounter parameter

    For any input parameter within this function that represents a dividend rate, risk free rate, foreign rate or holding cost rate, these rates will be defined as annually compounded using the DayCounter defined within this parameter. Thus if 'actual365' is used for this 'dayCounter' parameter, then all input parameters that represent a dividend, risk free, foreign or holding cost rates will be defined as annually compounded Actual365 rates.
  3. TypeFlag parameter

    Option Types cuo, cui, pdo, pdi
  4. S parameter

    Underlying price
  5. X parameter

    Strike price of the option
  6. H parameter

    Continuous Barrier level
  7. AdjBarrFreq parameter

    Monitoring frequency that you wish the continuous barrier level value entered to have. (Basically will convert the barrier from continuous to discrete. If you choose 'Continuously', the barrier will still be a Continuous barrier). Valid values are : Continuously, Hourly, Daily, Weekly or Monthly.
  8. t1 parameter

    Barrier LifeTime.
  9. T2 parameter

    Time to option maturity.
  10. r parameter

    For the underlying (equity, futures, FX or commodity), this should be an annualised rate (risk free rate or foreign rate). If this is an option on a FX underlying, then if the underlying is quoted as domestic/foreign then this rate will be the domestic rate. If, however, the FX underlying is quoted as foreign/domestic then this will be the foreign rate.
  11. b parameter

    For the underlying (equity, futures, FX or commodity), this should be an annualised rate (dividend rate, risk free rate, foreign rate or holding cost rate respectively). If this is an option on a FX underlying, then if the underlying is quoted as domestic/foreign then this rate will be the foreign rate. If, however, the FX underlying is quoted as foreign/domestic then this will be the domestic rate.
  12. v parameter

    Volatility of the underlying.


Extended information

Function Syntax

VB Syntax


Variant CTDerivativeMatrix.DM_LookBarrier( _
Long ValueDate, _
DayCountEnum dayCounter, _
String TypeFlag, _
Double S, _
Double X, _
Double H, _
String AdjBarrFreq, _
Long t1, _
Long T2, _
Double r, _
Double b, _
Double v)


Excel Spreadsheet Syntax


=CT.DM_LookBarrier(
Excel Numeric Cell ValueDate,
Excel String Cell dayCounter,
Excel String Cell TypeFlag,
Excel Numeric Cell S,
Excel Numeric Cell X,
Excel Numeric Cell H,
Excel String Cell AdjBarrFreq,
Excel Numeric Cell t1,
Excel Numeric Cell T2,
Excel Numeric Cell r,
Excel Numeric Cell b,
Excel Numeric Cell v)


C++ Syntax


static CTRangeDataCPP DM_LookBarrier(
long ValueDate,
DayCountEnum dayCounter,
std::string TypeFlag,
double S,
double X,
double H,
std::string AdjBarrFreq,
long t1,
long T2,
double r,
double b,
double v);


DotNET Syntax


CTRangeData CTDerivativeMatrixSA.DM_LookBarrier(
System.Int32 ValueDate,
CTIEnums.DayCountEnum dayCounter,
System.String TypeFlag,
System.Double S,
System.Double X,
System.Double H,
System.String AdjBarrFreq,
System.Int32 t1,
System.Int32 T2,
System.Double r,
System.Double b,
System.Double v);

Parameter data types

ArgNameArgTypeIsKey
ValueDateLongFALSE
dayCounterDayCountEnumFALSE
TypeFlagStringFALSE
SDoubleFALSE
XDoubleFALSE
HDoubleFALSE
AdjBarrFreqStringFALSE
t1LongFALSE
T2LongFALSE
rDoubleFALSE
bDoubleFALSE
vDoubleFALSE


Example Inputs

The first column represents the name of the parameters. The second column specifies whether the parameters are optional or not. Finally the last column provides some sample input data.
Function call input string-keys are always in the format : "NAME.EXTTAG.TICKER" The "EXTTAG.TICKER" part is determined from the output of other, capetools, object creation functions.


ArgNameIsOptional (Excel only)Example
ValueDateFALSE19/Jul/2005 (serial date type)
dayCounterFALSEACT365
TypeFlagFALSEcuo
SFALSE100.0
XFALSE105
HFALSE110
AdjBarrFreqFALSEDaily
t1FALSE17/Jan/2006 (serial date type)
T2FALSE19/Jul/2006 (serial date type)
rFALSE0.10
bFALSE0.00
vFALSE0.3


Example function usage


The C# example below contains all the sub-function calls leading up to this function call. As a result, the example can contain a lot of code.

The VB.NET, J#, C++.NET, Java, Excel VBA, Visual Basic 6 (via COM) and C++ examples below contain function code stubs for the calls leading up to this function call. However, the function call for this function is displayed.
You can easily reproduce the stub functions code from the C# example.


If you are accessing this functrion via the MiniXL libraries, this function is present within the CT.QL.Pricing20 MiniXL Excel Addin.

Within our Excel Example Addin Generator, we have used the following QuantTools sub-functions in order to prepare the arguments needed to call the DM_LookBarrier() function. If you are executing this function via the MiniXL libraries, the module addin name, (in brackets, to the right of the sub-functions listed below), indicates the MiniXL library in which the sub-function is held. You will need to load this library into your Excel session (along with any other libraries that the sub-function call within the addin requires (ie - CT.QT.Utils20 addin in almost all cases) in order for the example to compute successfully.


The following four examples demostrate calling this function within a Microsoft .NET environment

The following four examples demostrate calling this function within a non .NET environment

The following is a sample output from executing the DM_LookBarrier() function call


Example
DSDXDHDT1DT2DRDBDV
DS-0.006944470.0116235-0.004782040.791841-0.410793-0.3698690.569040.124158
DX0.01162350.00630592-0.01658610.389552-0.1020830.1145330.02153140.482404
DH-0.00478204-0.01658610.0201795-1.183330.5138640.238825-0.571295-0.589261
DT10.7918410.389552-1.1833337.6308-8.59564-10.681720.76113.74393
DT2-0.410793-0.1020830.513864-8.59564-0.5751433.54017-10.635-1.53095
DR-0.3698690.1145330.238825-10.68173.54017-15.624514.3147-9.42155
DB0.569040.0215314-0.57129520.7611-10.63514.3147-10.637111.1721
DV0.1241580.482404-0.5892613.74393-1.53095-9.4215511.172116.0962



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